Improvements to end-to-end performance of low-power wireless networks

Over the last decades, wireless technologies have become an important part of our daily lives. A plentitude of new types of networks based on wireless technologies have emerged, often replacing wired solutions. In this development, not only the number and the types of devices equipped with wireless transceivers have significantly increased, also the variety of wireless technologies has grown considerably. Moreover, Internet access for wireless devices has paved the way for a large variety of new private, business, and research applications. Great efforts have been made by the research community and the industry to develop standards, specifications, and communication protocols for networks of constrained devices, we refer to as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) defined the 802.15.4 standard for Personal Area Networks (PANs). With the introduction of an adaptation layer which makes IEEE 802.15.4 networks IPv6-capable, interconnecting billions of constrained devices has become possible and is expected to become a reality in the near future. The vision that embraces the idea of interweaving Internet technology with any type of smart objects, such as wearable devices or sensors of a WSN, is called the Internet of Things (IoT). The main goal of this thesis is the improvement of the performance of low-power wireless networks. Given the wide scope of application scenarios and networking solutions proposed for such networks, the development and optimization of communication protocols for wireless low-power devices is a challenging task: The hardware restrictions of constrained devices, specific application scenarios that may vary from one network to another, and the integration of WSNs into the IoT require new approaches to the design and evaluation of communication protocols. To face these challenges and to find solutions for them, research needs to be carried out. Mechanisms and parameter settings of communication protocol stacks for WSNs that are crucial to the network performance need to be identified, optimized, and complemented by adding new ones. The first contribution of this thesis is the improvement of end-to-end performance for IEEE 802.15.4-based PANs, where default parameter settings of common communication protocols are analyzed and evaluated with regard to their impact on the network performance. Physical evaluations are carried out in a large testbed, addressing the important question of whether the default and allowed range settings defined for common communication protocols are efficient or whether alternative settings may yield a better performance. The second contribution of this thesis is the improvement of end-to-end performance for ZigBee wireless HA networks. ZigBee is an important standard for low-power wireless networks and the investigations carried out address the crucial lack of investigation the ZigBee HA performance evaluations through physical experiments and potential ways to improve the network performance based on these experiments. Eventually, this thesis focuses on the improvement of the congestion control (CC) mechanism applied by the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) used in IoT communications. For the handling of the possible congestion in the IoT produced by the plethora of the devices and/or link errors innate to low-power radio communications, the default CC mechanism it lacks an advanced CC algorithm. Given CoAP's high relevance for IoT communications, an advanced CC algorithm should be capable of adapting to these particularities of IoT communications. This thesis contributes to this topic with the design and optimization of the CoAP Advanced Congestion Control/Simple (CoCoA) protocol, an advanced CC mechanism for CoAP.The investigations of advanced CC mechanisms for CoAP involve extensive performance evaluations in simulated networks and physical experiments in real testbeds using different communication technologies.En les últimes dècades, les tecnologies sense fils s'han convertit en una part important de la nostra vida quotidiana. Una àmplia varietat de nous tipus de xarxes basades en tecnologies sense fils han sorgit, sovint reemplaçant solucions cablejades. En aquest desenvolupament, no només el nombre i els tipus de dispositius equipats amb transceptors sense fils han augmentat significativament, també la varietat de tecnologies sense fils ha crescut de manera considerable. D'altra banda, l'accés a Internet per als dispositius sense fils ha donat pas a una gran varietat de noves aplicacions privades, comercials i d'investigació. La comunitat científica i la indústria han fet grans esforços per desenvolupar normes, especificacions i protocols de comunicació per a xarxes de sensors sense fils (WSNs). L'Institut d'Enginyeria Elèctrica i Electrònica (IEEE) defineix l'estàndard 802.15.4 per a xarxes d'àrea personal (PAN). Amb la introducció d'una capa d'adaptació que possibilita les IEEE 802.15.4 xarxes compatibles amb IPv6, la interconnexió de milers de milions de dispositius restringits s'ha fet possible. La idea d'entreteixir la tecnologia d'Internet amb qualsevol tipus d'objectes intel·ligents, com els dispositius o sensors d'una WSN és coneguda com la Internet de les Coses (IoT). L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és la millora del rendiment de les WSNs. Donada l'àmplia gamma d'escenaris d'aplicacions i solucions de xarxes proposats per a aquest tipus de xarxes, el desenvolupament i l'optimització dels protocols de comunicació per a dispositius de WSNs és una tasca difícil: les limitacions de capacitats dels dispositius restringits, escenaris d'aplicació específics que poden variar d'una xarxa a l'altra, i la integració de les WSNs a la IoT requereixen nous enfocaments per al disseny i avaluació de protocols de comunicació. Cal identificar mecanismes i configuracions de paràmetres de les piles de protocols de comunicació per a WSNs que són elementals per al rendiment de la xarxa, optimitzar-los, i complementar-los amb l'addició d'altres de nous. La primera contribució d'aquesta tesi és la millora del rendiment extrem a extrem per PANs basat en IEEE 802.15.4, on s'analitza la configuració de paràmetres que es fan servir per defecte en protocols de comunicació comuns i s'avalua el seu impacte en el rendiment de la xarxa. Avaluacions físiques en una xarxa de sensors permeten fer front a la important qüestió de si els valors estàndards dels paràmetres són eficients o si ajustant-los es pot proporcionar un millor rendiment. La segona contribució d'aquesta tesi és l'optimització del rendiment extrem a extrem de xarxes ZigBee domòtiques (HA) sense fils. ZigBee és un estàndard important per a WSNs. Els estudis duts a terme cobreixen la important falta d'investigació d'avaluacions de rendiment de xarxes HA de ZigBee mitjançant experiments físics i mostrant formes per millorar el rendiment de la xarxa en base d'aquests experiments. Finalment, aquesta tesi es centra en la millora del mecanisme bàsic de control de congestió (CC) aplicada pel Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) utilitzat en les comunicacions de la IoT. És necessari un algoritme de CC avançat per al control de la possible congestió en la IoT produïda per la plètora de dispositius i/o errors d'enllaç naturals per a les comunicacions de ràdio de baixa potencia. Donada l'alta rellevància de CoAP per a les comunicacions en la IoT, un algoritme CC avançat ha de ser capaç d'adaptar-se a les particularitats de les comunicacions de la IoT. Aquesta tesi contribueix al problema amb el disseny i l'optimització Control de Congestió Avançat / Simple del CoAP (CoCoA), un mecanisme de CC avançat per CoAP. Les investigacions de mecanismes de CC avançats per CoAP impliquen avaluacions extenses en xarxes simulades i experiments físics en xarxes reals utilitzant diferents tecnologies de comunicacions

CoAP congestion control for the Internet of Things

“© © 2017 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.” August Betzler, Javier Isern, Carles Gomez, Ilker Demirkol, Josep Paradells, "Experimental evaluation of congestion control for CoAP communications without end-to-end reliability", Ad Hoc Networks, pp. , 2016, ISSN 15708705. DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2016.7509394CoAP is a lightweight RESTful application layer protocol devised for the IoT. Operating on top of UDP, CoAP must handle congestion control by itself. The core CoAP specification defines a basic congestion control mechanism, but it is not capable of adapting to network conditions. However, IoT scenarios exhibit significant resource constraints, which pose new challenges on the design of congestion control mechanisms. In this article we present CoCoA, an advanced congestion control mechanism for CoAP being standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force CoRE working group. CoCoA introduces a novel round-trip time estimation technique, together with a variable backoff factor and aging mechanisms in order to provide dynamic and controlled retransmission timeout adaptation suitable for the peculiarities of IoT communications. We conduct a comparative performance analysis of CoCoA and a variety of alternative algorithms including state-of-the-art mechanisms developed for TCP. The study is based on experiments carried out in real testbeds. Results show that, in contrast to the alternative methods considered, CoCoA consistently outperforms the default CoAP congestion control mechanism in all evaluated scenarios.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

CoCoA+: an advanced congestion control mechanism for CoAP

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) has been designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Due to the limited radio channel capacities and hardware resources of such devices, congestion can be a serious problem. CoAP addresses this important issue with a basic congestion control mechanism. CoCoA, an Internet-Draft proposal, introduced alternative congestion control mechanisms for CoAP. Yet, there has been limited evaluation of these congestion control mechanisms in the literature. In this paper, we assess the methods applied in CoCoA in detail and propose improvements to address the shortcomings observed in the congestion control mechanisms. We carry out simulations to compare the congestion control performance for default CoAP, CoCoA, and our new proposal, CoCoA+, in a variety of network topologies and use cases. The results show that CoCoA+ outperforms default CoAP and achieves better results than CoCoA in the majority of considered cases.Peer ReviewedPreprin

A holistic approach to ZigBee performance enhancement for home automation networks

Wireless home automation networks are gaining importance for smart homes. In this ambit, ZigBee networks play an important role. The ZigBee specification defines a default set of protocol stack parameters and mechanisms that is further refined by the ZigBee Home Automation application profile. In a holistic approach, we analyze how the network performance is affected with the tuning of parameters and mechanisms across multiple layers of the ZigBee protocol stack and investigate possible performance gains by implementing and testing alternative settings. The evaluations are carried out in a testbed of 57 TelosB motes. The results show that considerable performance improvements can be achieved by using alternative protocol stack configurations. From these results, we derive two improved protocol stack configurations for ZigBee wireless home automation networks that are validated in various network scenarios. In our experiments, these improved configurations yield a relative packet delivery ratio increase of up to 33.6%, a delay decrease of up to 66.6% and an improvement of the energy efficiency for battery powered devices of up to 48.7%, obtainable without incurring any overhead to the network.Postprint (published version

SODALITE: SDN wireless backhauling for dense 4G/5G Small Cell networks

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Dense deployments of Small Cells are key to fulfill the capacity requirements of future 5G networks. However, two roadblocks to the adoption of Small Cells are i) the limited availability and the cost of sites with wired backhaul resources, and ii) the complexity to manage a dense deployment of wireless backhaul nodes. Towards these challenges we propose SODALITE, a novel system that applies Software Defined Networking (SDN) to a wireless backhaul network. We present how SODALITE can be integrated to 3GPP’s 4G and 5G architectures, and show the feasibility of SODALITE through LTE network testbed experiments. We substantiate the scalability of SODALITE through stochastic studies using real-life traffic traces from an LTE network and discuss the effects of cell densification and 5G system architecture on these studies. Further, a reliable backhauling solution for wireless links is introduced in SODALITE through SDN-enabled mechanisms that are capable of reconfiguring the data plane upon a link failure detection. Its reliability is shown through experiments on a LTE network testbed, and studied thoroughly via rigorous simulations and network emulator evaluations. As a result, we claim that SODALITE is a promising carrier-grade system to manage a wireless Small Cell backhaul.Postprint (author's final draft

SENSEFUL: An SDN-based joint access and backhaul coordination for Dense Wi-Fi Small Cells

© 2017 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Dense Small Cell networks are considered the most effective way to cope with the exponential increase in mobile traffic demand expected for the upcoming years and are one of the foundations of the future 5G. However, novel architectures are required to enable cost-efficient deployments of very dense outdoor Small Cell networks, complementing the coverage layer provided by macro-cells. In this regard, two important challenges need to be solved to make this vision a reality: i) increased traffic dynamics, which are translated into more frequent handovers, and ii) cost-efficient deployment of large number of Small Cells. In this paper we propose and evaluate SENSEFUL, an novel architecture addressing the two problems highlighted above: Software-Defined Networking (SDN) as the key technology to promote adaptability to a varying environment and provide efficient mobility solutions in the dense access layer, and novel wireless backhauling technologies where traditional wired connectivity does not meet cost/efficiency restrictions.Postprint (author's final draft

A Holistic Approach to ZigBee Performance Enhancement for Home Automation Networks

Wireless home automation networks are gaining importance for smart homes. In this ambit, ZigBee networks play an important role. The ZigBee specification defines a default set of protocol stack parameters and mechanisms that is further refined by the ZigBee Home Automation application profile. In a holistic approach, we analyze how the network performance is affected with the tuning of parameters and mechanisms across multiple layers of the ZigBee protocol stack and investigate possible performance gains by implementing and testing alternative settings. The evaluations are carried out in a testbed of 57 TelosB motes. The results show that considerable performance improvements can be achieved by using alternative protocol stack configurations. From these results, we derive two improved protocol stack configurations for ZigBee wireless home automation networks that are validated in various network scenarios. In our experiments, these improved configurations yield a relative packet delivery ratio increase of up to 33.6%, a delay decrease of up to 66.6% and an improvement of the energy efficiency for battery powered devices of up to 48.7%, obtainable without incurring any overhead to the network

Experimental evaluation of congestion control for CoAP communications without end-to-end reliability

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) has been designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for Internet of Things (IoT) communications. CoAP is a lightweight, request/response-based RESTful protocol that has been tailored to ful ll the requisites of IoT environments, such as severely limited device hardware and link capacities. In IoT networks, congestion is a major issue that causes performance losses or may even render the network useless. Thus, the use of a congestion control mechanism is essential for the performance of such networks. CoAP de nes a very basic congestion control mechanism for the reliable exchange of messages between endpoints, however it does not specify congestion control for communications without end-to-end reliability, even though the latter represent a relevant share of CoAP communications. Two extensions to CoAP, Observe and Simple CoAP Congestion Control/Advanced (CoCoA), introduce rate control mechanisms for such communications yet these extensions have not yet been compared or evaluated. In this paper, we empirically evaluate these rate control mechanisms for unreliable CoAP communications between devices over emulated GPRS/UMTS links and in a real IEEE 802.15.4 multihop testbed of constrained devices. The results show that in contrast to Observe, CoCoA performs better than, or at least similarly to, default CoAP in terms of both packet delivery ratio and delay in all analyzed scenarios.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft